What Interpersonal Helping Skills Can You - 1183 Words

What interpersonal helping skills can you use to decrease the chances that you will be involved in dangerous situations with clients? Interpersonal helping skills that can be used to decrease dangerous situations include effective communication skills, showing empathy and acting and speaking in a way that makes the client feel comfortable, and listening to the client. In addition, by addressing issues a client has beforehand can help to diffuse or prevent violence and being prepared when meeting with clients can also decrease the likelihood of something occurring. Of course, things can happen that are unexpected, however, being aware of the escalation of violence can help a social worker to approach the situation that is less likely to provoke violence and having training and classes can help a social worker to learn how to use appropriate skills and precautions to help decrease their chances of being involved in violent or dangerous situations. What kinds of high-risk clients are you likely to encounter in your practicum? How will you prepare yourself to deal with them? In the nursing home facility types of high-risk clients could include clients with dementia and others that suffer from mental illness or other medical impairments. In orientation it is required for all employees and staff to have six hours of dementia training among other types of health and safety such as handwashing, information about blood borne pathogens, and a tuberculosis test is required toShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Communication And Communication Skills976 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal Communication is inevitable; we cannot go through our lives without interacting with another person. Our daily interactions with others can form new friendships, strengthen our relationship with our partner, or even attain new ideas that we otherwise would not have known of if we never interacted that person. While some of our daily interactions may only be i mpersonal communication, or interacting with someone based on their role, such as a sales clerk, interpersonal communication helpsRead MoreLife Span, Online Friends Essay examples655 Words   |  3 PagesFriends What is the role of online friends in the social development of todays adolescents? In what way are online friendships the same as and different from conventional friendships? Can adolescents learn interpersonal skills, such as revealing oneself to others and respecting diverse viewpoints in the cyber environment? Write a one page (times new roman font double spaced) essay on the subject. Remember to cite the references. Social development refers to the development of social skills and emotionalRead MoreThe Value Of Interpersonal Skills793 Words   |  4 Pages The Value of Interpersonal Skills in Everyday Life and Business Lisa Roberts-Nicholas University of the People Assignment 6 Abstract Thomas Malone of MIT Solan School discussed impersonal skills importance and his research, measuring intelligence groups. 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Be specific and be sure to support your answer with sources you cite in the body of your answer and include in a reference list at the bottom of your post using APA format. Sociocultural theory is a perspective that focuses on how a persons current and past social environment and culture can alter ones thoughts and actions. The type of social interactions someone experiences can influence attitude, character, knowledge, feelings, and other attributes (Bucher). SocialRead MoreAdministration Discussion Questions Essay1178 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1. Why is the job market for administrative professionals growing? What effect do you think the economic downturn of 2008-2009 had on this field? Since the economic downturn of 2008-2009 recessions, the job market for administrative professionals in on the rise. The field is anticipated to grow because administrative professionals work in areas of the economy that are expanding and generating new jobs—such as education, social service, legal service, health care, and finance. With so many jobs lostRead MoreBuilding And Developing The Websites1409 Words   |  6 Pageswill be scrum master who will make the scrum process to be easy for the team and helping with any difficulties will face the team. Scrum master will help the team to have a good environment for work whoever he/she hasn’t got authorization as a manager. Some of the team members will be scrum development team which is included the functional team like the testers and developers with their developing and testing skills and abilities. They have to be self organised and collaborative. They could be aroundRead MoreInterpersonal Skills : Definition, Examples, And Helpful Sites969 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal Skills: Definition, Examples, and Helpful Sites Interpersonal skills are key to effective business. Whether you are the CEO of the company or a sorter in the mail room, interpersonal skills are necessary to your success in business. These skills encompass a great number of things. Some include listening, assertiveness, negotiation, feedback, persuasion, interviewing, and coaching. It is important to understand that you can develop your skills. Not everyone is born a greatRead MoreEssential job skills1696 Words   |  7 PagesSkills are just something that you are good at or they are a part of you. Everybody in the world has a skill, but sometimes they are hard to find. When employers look for some one to hire they are looking for people with specific skills to fit the job. Each job has different skills that are accompanied with each job, but there are four main areas in which all employers look for when they want to hire somebody. They are: basic skills, thinking skills, people skills, and most importantly personal qualitiesRead MoreWho Is The Best For Your Brain Is A Whole New Level Of Toughness?844 Words   |  4 Pageswas able to see what learning styles i am most comfortable with. Twenty-five percent towards linguistics, fifty percent towards logical-mathematical, forty-two percent towards visual-spatial, thirty-one percent towards intrapersonal, sixty-nine percent towards interpersonal, forty-four percent towards musical, forty-two percent towards bodily-kinesthetics, and thirty-three percent towards naturalistic. These results are not very surprising to me because, my top three styles were what i would have expected

Poverty And Incarceration Washington Poverty Race...

Braman, Donald. Race, Poverty and Incarceration. Washington: Poverty Race Research Action Council, 2007. ProQuest. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. Barman Donalds article talks about a family that is suffering from poverty due to a father with a crack addiction problem and the naiborhood they live in the father is currently incarcerated for crack. Londa is a mother of three children and has a broken leg and has tried multiple times to fix their situation. This article gives an example of a real family and how all that is and what could be done to improve their situation. Further more in depth the article emphasizes more on where the criminal system has many flaws and how so much money is put into prisons incarcerating people on the daily as well as yearly. There is a great amount of research that proves how incarcerating people is not only a bad way to come about to some crimes. To some family’s there situation worsens in poverty due to perhaps a person that is accused for a crime and is t hen imprisoned waiting for something to happen their family is out in the world struggling to keep up with the bills and expenses. In most cases they have to pay large amounts of money to get people out of prison bails or other fees. Thus, perhaps the ones incarcerated are the money makers in a family worsen a families situation economically as well as mentally mainly the children due to this they will grow up without a father or a mother. In many occasions people in city’s or neighborhoods whereShow MoreRelatedThe Association Between Perceptions Of Black Incarceration Rate And Attribution2738 Words   |  11 PagesThe Association between Perceptions of Black Incarceration Rate and Attribution ____________________________________ A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton _____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Psychology _____________________________________ By Approved by: ____________________________________ ________________________ , Committee Chair Date Department of PsychologyRead MoreThe Disproportionate Number of African-American Males Incarcerated Within the United States2992 Words   |  12 Pageswill explore the mass incarceration of African-American men. The paper will look into the prevalence, causes, consequences, and offer solutions to this crisis. Specifically, seeking to find what factors have created such high levels of criminal justice control for African-American males, and explore the impact on the family and community. Incarceration is immense in the United States. Since the 1980s, the United States has experienced a massive increase in incarceration. The overall rate hasRead MoreWhy Are Black Boys Failing in School4668 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿McCalip, Quiana ENGL 102 D01 Professor R. Mullen Long Research Rough Draft Why Are The Black Males Failing Within American Educational System? What Can We Do? It is easy to point the finger but harder to find a solution as to why the black male child is failing in school. There are several crucial factors that contribute to this epidemic including, parents are not communicating with the teachers, the socioeconomic status of the child s family, and the father s absenceRead MoreSample Grant Proposal2607 Words   |  11 PagesRUNNING HEADER: Request for proposal Organization History *** was founded with a mission to be an alternative to incarceration. The organization is a private, free-standing, non-profit agency which is accessible to all, regardless of economic, ethnic or religious backgrounds. Since 1971, ***. has provided a highly successful, comprehensive, continuum of behavioral health services. Our formal treatment services have helped over 20,000 young people and their families. Under the *** umbrella, broadRead MoreDomestic Violence and Its Effect on Children4845 Words   |  20 Pageswithin them. They generally suffer in silence, but often develop high levels of aggression, anger issues and anxiety, and often become depressed, there is even a potential to develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Therefore, it is imperative that research continue to be conducted in order to further understand how being exposed to domestic violence will affect the child as they develop into adults. Introduction There is an estimated four million incidences of domestic violence against women thatRead MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words   |  50 Pagespardon.3 Curiously enough, statistics on differential treatment of races are available in greater abundance than are statistics on differential treatment of economic classes. For instance, although the FBI tabulates arrest rates by race (as well as by sex, age, and geographical area), it omits class or income. Similarly, both the President’s Crime Commission Report and Sutherland and Cressey’s Criminology have index entries for race or racial discrimination but none for class or income of offendersRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 Pagesin empirical research for effectiveness? A. self-control and social skills training B. use of educational tapes, lectures, and films C. motivational enhancement strategies D. cognitive therapy ANS:B PG39 18. According to the NIAAA (National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), about how many previously diagnosable alcoholics matured out of their dependence? A. none B. only a fraction C. one third D. most ANS:C PG39 19. According to Hester and Miller’s empirical research, the highest treatmentRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 Pageshealthcare. †¢ Amnesty for unlawful immigrants could cost the U.S. trillions of dollars in net costs because, on average, households with lower levels of education receive more in benefits than they pay in taxes. †¢ According to Robert Rector, a senior research fellow with the Heritage Foundation, the average illegal costs taxpayers $20,000 a year more than they contribute in taxes, ultimately costing us $Billions yearly. Services Received, Calculations based on data from the US Census Bureau, 2010 †¢Read MoreEssay about Gang Injunctions10585 Words   |  43 Pages†21 While the standard varies slightly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, the United States Supreme Court settled some questions as to the standard for issuing injunctions with its fairly recent decision in Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council.22 There, the Court made clear that for injunctive relief to be appropriate, a plaintiff must do more than merely show a possibility of irreparable harm.23 Indeed, the Court proclaimed:                                  Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesliving, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and

The Process of Learning Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Process of Learning. Answer: The process of learning Learning is the process in which people assimilate information which in turn leads to a change in the way in which they think and act. The learning process is continuous and does not stop when one becomes an adult. Learning can occur both formally when one is in class being taught by a teacher, or informally where one does not learn in a controlled environment such as at home in discussions. Learning is a process that requires the learners to have patience because it takes time (Jenkins, 2010). The laws that govern the learning process There are six laws that have been given in regards to the learning process which I feel have greatly impacted the way I have been able to learn. First is the law of readiness. This law says that one must be mentally and physically ready to follow given instructions and they can only learn why they are ready to follow the instructions provided. The law of exercise asserts that the process of learning requires the learners to be active in mind and body. This enables the learners to learn by repetition and adequately respond to instructions provided (Gutierrez, 2014). The law of effect states that people are motivated to learn when they gain feelings of satisfaction from what they achieve during the learning process. The law of association states that in the process of learner in case a learner receives new information, they compare this to the information they already possess. The law of recency speaks of the importance of repeating tasks in the learning process. Finally, the law of intensity asserts that real life experiences are very important in learning and these are the experiences that greatly contribute to permanent changes in human behavior (Gutierrez, 2014). Effectiveness of the learning process The learning process that I have gone through has taught me different things. The critical components in the learning process that are of utmost importance include; the cognitive, metacognitive, and affective components. Cognitive learning is a learning component that is acquired through listening, reading, thinking, the process of relating information, memorizing, problem analysis, and the acquisition of psychomotor skills (Gregori, Torras and Guasch, 2012). It is a component that enables one to receive information and adequately process it. The affective component involves the motivation that the learner has to begin and continue learning. This is shown both in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Prinz, 2004). This component is also inclusive of psychological attributes that may influence ones learning process. These include; the ability to cope with different emotions, the presence of self-efficacy, and attribution styles. The metacognitive component is also significant. It refers to how well the learner is able to learn. This component enables learners to process information acquired. In order to learn effectively, learners must identify their most favorable style of learning. Moreover, a learner needs to develop a plan that should be followed to guide in the learning activities. The plan aids in the evaluation and monitoring of the learning process. Monitoring the process enables learners to view their strengths in learning and capitalize on them as well as their weaknesses which they can then improve on (Crocker et al., 2013). My learning experience has enabled me to gain all these skills which are vital in my everyday life, which I used when carrying out my business research, and which we will be used later in life in my career. Therefore, the learning process is very valuable to all human beings and it enables them improve the way they think and act for the better. Importance of the learning process There are six main cognitive elements that I gained from the learning process that have come in very handy in my life. First, I gained skills on how to process information. These include spatial and sequential analysis of information. spatial analysis requires the use of order. Incidentally, it is vital in finding directions. On the other hand, organizing information in a sequential manner aids in timing activities. It is the skill that enables people to properly time their activities. This skill was very relevant when carrying out my business research in timemanagement and in analysis of primary data (Clark and Harrelson, 2002). The second skill is communication. Communication is carried out primarily by use of language (Rosengren, 2000). I learnt how to use language to express my personal opinions as well as read and listen to what other people are saying. Proper communication skills have enabled me to properly understand what is being taught and in discussions with fellow students. These skills have also aided me in relation with other students. The third skill is higher order thinking. It enables people to receive information and then manipulate it to come up with different points of view and the right conclusion (Brookhart, 2010). This skill enables people to think creatively, analyze information, question information provided, and solve problems. This skill enables learners to reflect on their behavior and have self-mentalmanagement (Collins, 2014). It helps them to see things differently from other people and it is the skill that enables them to carry out things differently in society and bring in new innovations. The fourth skill that I gained through my learning is how to have a good memory. This is important because it enables people to receive information, store it in their minds and enables them to retrieve it when needed. People have different types of memories which are used in reference to different situations. These are the long, short, and medium-term memory. Vital information is mainly stored as a long-term memory (Baddeley, Eysenck and Anderson, 2015). The ability to pay attention is another vital skill that I learned (Rose, 2015). At first, it was easy to get distracted by different exciting things but with time I was able to pay attention even to issues I did not agree with, to hear the perspectives of other people. Finally, a skill that has proved very valuable to me since childhood is the skill of writing and that of typing. This is referred to as the graphomotor skill. Impacts of Learning Skills in Life All these skills have impacted my life in a myriad of positive ways. When carrying out the business research, all these skills came in handy. The skills are important in my course because I need to always think critically when dealing with different challenges. Moreover, I am able to be creative in coming up with solutions. There is also need to be attentive in class as well as in group settings. There is also a need for memory to remember all the concepts I have learnt in the past and to connect them in the concepts we are currently studying to increase my comprehension level of different concepts. The skills acquired in the learning process will also benefit my future career tremendously. In the professional setting, it is very important to communicate properly with peers, subordinates, and senior colleagues. The ability to receive information, analyze it, and respond appropriately is therefore very vital. The cognitive skill of paying attention will also come in handy especially in meetings. Moreover, it is vital that one remembers different things when working as a professional. Incidentally, it is important to remember the names of fellow employees, and tasks that need to be performed. Theskill of time management will also be of much use. It is therefore evident that the learning process makes lives easier. In life generally, these skills have enabled to interact and communicate with other people. They have also helped me to have a sense of direction and to manage time. The skills gained in the learning process have also aided me in making judgements on various matters by thinking critically and coming up with the most effective solution. Description of Personal Learning Process My learning process occurred in the classroom with a teacher as well alone. In class, the teacher used interactive methods of teaching. This involved the use of questions which we were expected to answer as the lessons proceeded. Students who seemed to have lost attention were called upon to explain certain concepts that were being taught to bring back their attention. There were also practical activities that we used. Another tool that was incorporated in learning was the use of group discussions. Personally, I preferred to study literature on my own and then reflect back on it to ensure that all the concepts were understood. I also carried out practical activities on different issues that seemed difficult to comprehend to see how different results were achieved. Lessons Learnt from the Learning Process I have learnt that it is important for learners to know themselves and know the style of learning that works on them best. This will ensure that time is not wasted trying to grasp information with the use of styles of learning that do not suit them best. As a student and future professional I have learnt the importance of using a personal development plan to continually document how much I am learning. Application of the Learning process in Relation to the Business Research The business research required the use of very many skills acquired during the learning process. First, there was the need to use graphomotor skills in the creation of questionnaires to be used in the research process. Next, communication skills came in handy in the process of requesting people to fil in the questionnaires. Data received required analysis to draw insights that could be used in presenting the findings, drawing a conclusion, and making recommendations. This required the use of high order thinking skills. These include thinking critically and creatively (Sreejesh, Mohapatra, and Anusree, 2014). Conclusion It is very clear that the learning process is very important in all aspects of life. These include; everyday life, in learning institutions, and professionally. It is therefore paramount for the stakeholders in the department of teaching people about these tools to learn about how best to maximize the learning experience for maximum gain of the learners. References Baddeley, Eysenck, and Anderson. (2015).Memory. London. Brookhart. (2010).How to Assess Higher-order Thinking Skills in Your Classroom. Clark, and Harrelson. (2002). Designing instruction that supports cognitive learning processes.Journal of Athletic Training. Collins. (2014). Skills for the 21st Century: Teaching Higher-Order Thinking.Curriculum and Leadership Journal. Crocker, Heller, Warren, O'Hare, Infantolino, and Miller. (2013). Relationships among Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation.Frontiers in human neuroscience. Gregori, Torras, and Guasch, (2012). Cognitive Attainment in Online Learning Environments.Interactive Learning Environments. Gutierrez. (2014).The 6 Laws of Learning No Instructional Designer Can Afford to Ignore. [online] [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Jenkins. (2010). Exploring the learning process. Teaching and Learning in Nursing. Prinz. (2004).Gut reactions: A perceptual theory of emotion. Oxford University Press. Rose. (2015).Why Attention Is Essential to Learning and The Formation of Memory. [online] [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Rosengren. (2000).Communication: An Introduction. SAGE. Sreejesh, Mohapatra, and Anusree. (2014).Business Research Method. Springer.

Movie Summary The Karate Kid (1984) Essay Example

Movie Summary The Karate Kid (1984) Essay In 1984, when the movie The Karate Kid was first shown in theaters, there were no indications it would launch three sequels and a remake in 2010.The story of a young man relocated with a single mother and struggling to fit in is as common a theme then as it is now.As he tries to adjust to a school where he’s attracted to a young girl while being the brunt of a gang of bullies, he finds an unlikely mentor in the handyman of his apartment building who happens to be a master in karate.Director John G. Avildsen cast actors Ralph Macchio in the lead, Pat Morita as his martial arts instructor, and Elisabeth Shue as the love interest (IMDb, 2016).As the storyline unfolds, a deeper lesson is presented than triumph over adversity and good over bad.One of the signs of maturity is the ability to control emotions, and Daniel is on the brink of becoming a man.He experiences anxiety, insecurity, and even fear when faced with physical violence and wants the revenge of retaliation.However, Mr . Miyagi teaches him that it is more important to practice dedication and self-control than vengeance.Set in the early 1980s, The Karate Kid continues to be an example for young people trying to cope with adolescence in any era. At the time the movie was released, America was in the throes of economic depression and cultural change (Phipps, 2015).Madonna wanted you to â€Å"Open Your Heart,† Michael Jackson was â€Å"Bad,† and Bon Jovi was â€Å"Slippery When Wet.†Joe Montana dominated football; Mike Tyson ruled the boxing ring, and Larry Holmes squared off against Magic Johnson on the basketball court.Dallas, Dynasty, and The Cosby Show were the top television programs while kids played with Cabbage Patch Kids, Transformers, and Care Bears.Canada gained official independence from the United Kingdom in 1982, Ronald Reagan was President, hair was big, and clothing was bright.Homes started to have computers, VCRs, Walkman’s, and boom box We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Karate Kid (1984) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Karate Kid (1984) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Karate Kid (1984) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Dynamic Object Model and Adaptive Workflow †Computer Science Essay

Dynamic Object Model and Adaptive Workflow – Computer Science Essay Free Online Research Papers Dynamic Object Model and Adaptive Workflow Computer Science Essay 1 Introduction: Hammer and Champy identify three factors that characterize modern businesses: customers take charge, intense competition, and constant change.Also scientists and engineers require flexible models for process definition and execution. The outcomes of scientific processes evolve as the experiment unfolds. It is difficult to determine in advance the structure of the entire process. Scientific workflow systems must allow workflows and product data to evolve at runtime. 2 Dynamic Object Models for Changing Environments Dynamic Object Model (DOM) architecture stores its object model in configuration data and interprets it at runtime. Changing the object model will immediately result in a change in behavior. Since the object model is represented as data, it is usually easy to change. DOMs strive to represent knowledge about a domain as relationships between the objects that model the domain. They avoid hard-coding this knowledge into the code, since usually code can’t change at runtime. DOMs usually emerge from mature domain-specific frameworks. As developers evolve a framework from white-box to black-box [RJ97], they gain a better understanding of the domain. This enables them to recognize the â€Å"hot spots† of the design- the parts that are likely to change. Next, developers factor out these parts into configuration data. What’s left is a generic system that interprets the configuration data at runtime. Changing the behavior doesn’t require code changes any longer. This approach yields a dynamically modifiable system, where the data contains the configuration information. Users can modify the system without programming and can defer configuration decisions until runtime. When you let users modify the system, you also have to deal with their mistakes. For this reason, DOM applications require user support tools. The DOM architectural style has been successful in domains where the business rules change often. For example, automobile makers release new models every year. Manufacturing can benefit from DOM, but the benefit might not be worth the cost. 3 The Structure of the Dynamic Object Model Design patterns; Type Object [JW97], most important, which separates an Entity from an EntityType. Entities have Properties and Type Object is used a second time to separate Property from PropertyType. Strategy objects [GHJV95] define the behavior of an EntityType. Metadata [FY98] supplies the mechanism that allows the architecture to represent the knowledge about the domain as configuration information. Visual Builder [RJ97] provides a means for the now-empowered users to interact with the object model. 3.1 Properties Objects encapsulate state and behavior. State corresponds to attributes which are usually implemented with instance variables. Changing the instance variables of an object requires changing its code. Instead of having an instance variable for each attribute, the Property pattern uses an instance variable that holds a collection of attributes. Each attribute is associated with a unique key. Users use these keys to access, alter, modify or remove attributes at runtime. Users can add the extra attribute at runtime, without stopping the system. 3.2 Strategy In an object-oriented programming language, methods or virtual functions define the behavior of objects. The most languages do not allow objects to control their own methods. We want to be able to control an object’s behavior. We need to represent behavior with a user-level mechanism. A Strategy is the reification of behavior into objects. The Strategy pattern defines a standard interface for a family of algorithms. Clients can work with any algorithm of a given family. If an object’s behavior is defined by one or more strategies then that behavior is easy to change. 3.3 Type object The majority of object-oriented languages structure a program as a set of classes. A class defines the structure and behavior of objects. Most object-oriented systems use a separate class for each kind of object. Introducing a new kind of object requires making a new class, which requires programming. The Type Object pattern makes the class-instance classification relationship explicit. Some languages permit the class of an object to change (e.g., Smalltalk), but most do not. With Type Object, the classification relationship is at the user level and can be dynamically modified. Of course, simply changing the process type is not enough- we also need to convert the attributes. However, now the user controls the state, behavior, and classification relationship. 3.4 Metadata DOMs represent the reminder of the object model as configuration data, or Metadata. Therefore, modifications of the configuration data change the object model. In turn, changing the object model alters the system behavior. Two factors contribute to the extended flexibility of DOM architectures. the generic part is hardwired; types, entities, attributes and algorithms are universal concepts the variable part is pushed into Metadata; users have full control and modify it to adapt the object model to their needs 3.5 Visual builder One of the main reasons to build a DOM is to extend the system without programming. Users have direct access to the object model. They control the relationships between its core components and the Metadata information. DOM architectures push complexity into the configuration data and delegate configuration decisions to the users. 4 An Object-OrientedWorkflow Model The typical workflow system architecture consists of three components [Hol95, AAAM97, Sch96]. Build-time functions provide support for process definition and modeling. Run-time control manage process execution and their associated resources. Finally, run-time interaction functions provide the interfaces to human users and IT application tools. Usually, a workflow engine integrates both run-time control and interaction functions. The workflow engine handles process enactment. This consists of reading process definitions; creating new process instances; and scheduling the various steps within the process and the appropriate resources. For adaptive workflow, we should be able to change the process definition while the process is running. We should also have a way to change a particular process instance. We look at workflow through the lens of object-oriented technology. Since we are familiar with DOMs in the context of flexible object-oriented systems, we’d like to use the same architectural style and techniques for adaptive workflow and modifiable process models. Creating process instances from a process definition is similar to creating instances of a class. We usually employ the Composite design pattern to implement tree structures. For adaptive workflow we want to be able to dynamically change the type of a procedure. The catalog form of the Composite pattern [GHJV95] uses separate classes for node and leaf elements. To provide maximum runtime flexibility, we don’t want to commit a procedure type to a particular class. Therefore, we employ a variant that doesn’t use a classification relationship. Leaves can now change into composites and vice versa. 6 Dynamic Object Model and Workflow Adaptation First, we need a workflowmodel that supports evolution as well as ad-hoc modifications of process instances. Model evolution is essential for Business Process Reengineering (BPR) and Continuous Process Improvement (CPI). Ad-hoc modifications allow users to adjust a particular process instance to specific circumstances. Second, we need a flexible infrastructure. The underlying software systems must be able to keep up with the process changes. We proceed from the highest to the lowest level of abstraction. We also look at an additional characteristic supporting adaptive workflow, namely the convergence of build-time and run-time environments. 6.1 Domain level adaptation Software has two dimensions: Application domain and contains domain-specific logic Control and data flow (i.e. workflow) and is domain independent Generally we use the same tool (usually a programming language) in both dimensions. This characteristic encourages beginners to combine the two dimensions. Consequently, domain-specific code and control logic are usually intertwined within applications. Inexperienced programmers see (and think in) a unidimensional problem space. In contrast, workflow is a tool only for the control and data flow dimension. We can change on either dimension with minimal consequences for the other. To facilitate domain level adaptation, application and workflow-specific processing should be loosely coupled. However, only experienced architects achieve a good separation. The procedure framework tries to maintain a reduced contact area between the application and workflow domains. Control crosses the domain boundary only from the instance side in the workflow domain, at the level of Procedure objects- see Figure 6. The Iterative procedure type helps us to keep the application domain unspoiled from control logic. This reduced coupling means that changing the domain objects has a low impact on procedures, and vice versa. 6.2 Process level adaptation The workflow framework abstracts control flow in procedures. Type Object pattern in object-oriented design separates the issues of workflow evolution and those of dynamic ad-hoc changes: process owners can modify the ProcedureType, in the knowledge level. This structural change affects all Procedure objects of the corresponding type process users can change the Procedure instance, in the operational level. These changes have local scope and don’t affect other users The flexible composition supports process evolution as well as ad-hoc modifications. The key observation here is that the ProcedureType instantiates the Procedure at runtime, a dynamic binding between a process and various potential implementations. In other words, we don’t need the complete process specification at build time. A procedure can complete its specification at runtime. Alternatively, the workflow system may ask the For adaptive workflow we need adaptive exception handlers. At the framework level, we can implement exception handlers as procedure types. Users change the handlers in the same way they change process definitions. 6.3 Resource level adaptation In an adaptive workflow system resources are dynamic. 6.4 Infrastructure The hospital may decide to replace the relational database used for persistence with an object-oriented database. 6.5 Build-time and run-time environments We need an integrated environment for adaptive workflow. Ouksel and Watson investigate the capabilities needed by workflow systems to accommodate adaptive workflow [OJW98]. They identify the integration of build-time and run-time environments as an important requirement. Chiu and Li [CKL98] also recognize the importance of an integrated environment for workflow evolution. The build-time environment enables them to create new procedure types, in the knowledge level. For instance, a new treatment for a disease may be discovered. Likewise, the run-time environment handles procedure execution. Physicians customize a particular running process (procedure instance) according to their needs. Smalltalk, a powerful object-oriented language, has one of the best programming environments. The development environment is fully integrated with the run-time. A user can interrupt a running program, change the code and resume execution. Research Papers on Dynamic Object Model and Adaptive Workflow - Computer Science EssayIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaGenetic EngineeringThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War

Battle of Pea Ridge in the Civil War Battle of Pea Ridge - Conflict and Dates: The Battle of Pea Ridge was fought March 7-8, 1862, and was an early engagement of the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis10,500 men Confederate Major General Earl Van Dorn16,000 men Battle of Pea Ridge - Background: In the wake of the disaster at Wilsons Creek in August 1861, Union forces in Missouri were reorganized into the Army of the Southwest. Numbering around 10,500, this command was given to Brigadier General Samuel R. Curtis with orders to push the Confederates out of the state. Despite their victory, the Confederates also altered their command structure as Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch had shown an unwillingness to cooperate. To keep the peace, Major General Earl Van Dorn was given command of the Military District of the Trans-Mississippi and oversight of the Army of the West. Pressing south into northwest Arkansas in early 1862, Curtis established his army in a strong position facing south along Little Sugar Creek. Expecting a Confederate attack from that direction, his men began emplacing artillery and fortifying their position. Moving north with 16,000 men, Van Dorn hoped to destroy Curtis force and open the way to capture St. Louis. Eager to destroy outlying Union garrisons near Curtis base at Little Sugar Creek, Van Dorn led his men on a three-day forced march through severe winter weather. Battle of Pea Ridge - Moving to Attack: Reaching Bentonville, they failed to capture a Union force under Brigadier General Franz Sigel on March 6. Though his men were exhausted and he had outrun his supply train, Van Dorn began formulating an ambitious plan to assault Curtis army. Dividing his army in two, Van Dorn intended to march north of the Union position and strike Curtis from the rear on March 7. Van Dorn planned to lead one column east along a road known as the Bentonville Detour which ran along the north edge of Pea Ridge. After clearing the ridge they would turn south along the Telegraph Road and occupy the area around Elkhorn Tavern. Battle of Pea Ridge - McCullochs Defeat: The other column, led by McCulloch, was to skirt the western edge of Pea Ridge then turn east to join with Van Dorn and Price at the tavern. Reunited, the combined Confederate force would attack south to strike at the rear of the Union lines along Little Sugar Creek. While Curtis did not anticipate this type of envelopment, he did take the precaution of having trees felled across the Bentonville Detour. Delays slowed both Confederate columns and by dawn, Union scouts had detected both threats. Though still believing that Van Dorns main body was to the south, Curtis began shifting troops to block the threats. Due to the delays, Van Dorn issued instructions for McCulloch to reach Elkhorn by taking the Ford Road from Twelve Corner Church. As McCullochs men marched along the road, they encountered Union troops near the village of Leetown. Dispatched by Curtis, this was a mixed infantry-cavalry force led by Colonel Peter J. Osterhaus. Though badly outnumbered, the Union troops immediately attacked around 11:30 AM. Wheeling his men south, McCulloch counterattacked and pushed Osterhaus men back through a belt of timber. Reconnoitering the enemy lines, McCulloch encountered a group of Union skirmishers and was killed. As confusion began to reign in the Confederate lines, McCullochs second-in-command, Brigadier General James McIntosh, led a charge forward and was also killed. Unaware that he was now the senior officer on the field, Colonel Louis HÃ ©bert attacked on the Confederate left, while the regiments on the right remained in place awaiting orders. This assault was halted by the timely arrival of a Union division under Colonel Jefferson C. Davis. Though outnumbered, they turned the tables on the Southerners and captured HÃ ©bert later in the afternoon. With confusion in the ranks, Brigadier General Albert Pike assumed command around 3:00 (shortly before HÃ ©berts capture) and led those troops near him in a retreat north. Several hours later, with Colonel Elkanah Greer in command, many of these troops joined rest of the army at Cross Timber Hollow near Elkhorn Tavern. On the other side of the battlefield, fighting began around 9:30 when the lead elements of Van Dorns column encountered Union infantry in Cross Timber Hollow. Sent north by Curtis, Colonel Grenville Dodges brigade of Colonel Eugene Carrs 4th Division soon moved into a blocking position. Battle of Pea Ridge - Van Dorn Held: Rather than pressing forward and overwhelming Dodges small command, Van Dorn and Price paused to fully deploy their troops. Over the next several hours, Dodge was able to hold his position and was reinforced at 12:30 by a Colonel William Vandevers brigade. Ordered forward by Carr, Vandevers men attacked the Confederate lines but were forced back. As the afternoon wore on, Curtis continued to funnel units into the battle near Elkhorn, but Union troops were slowly pushed back. At 4:30, the Union position began to collapse and Carrs men retreated back past the tavern to Ruddicks Field about a quarter mile to the south. Reinforcing this line, Curtis ordered a counterattack but it was halted due to darkness. As both sides endured a cold night, Curtis busily shifted the bulk of his army to the Elkhorn line and had his men resupplied. Reinforced by the remnants of McCullochs division, Van Dorn prepared to renew the assault in the morning. Early in the morning, Brigadier Franz Sigel, Curtis second-in-command, instructed Osterhaus to survey the farmland to the west of Elkhorn. In doing do, the colonel located a knoll from which Union artillery could strike the Confederate lines. Quickly moving 21 guns to the hill, Union gunners opened fire after 8:00 AM and drove back their Confederate counterparts before shifting their fire to the Southern infantry. As Union troops moved into attack positions around 9:30, Van Dorn was horrified to learn that his supply train and reserve artillery was six hours away due to a mistaken order. Realizing he could not win, Van Dorn began retreating east along the Huntsville Road. At 10:30, with the Confederates beginning to leave the field, Sigel led the Union left forward. Driving the Confederates back, they retook the area near the tavern around noon. With the last of the enemy retreating, the battle came to an end. Battle of Pea Ridge - Aftermath: The Battle of Pea Ridge cost the Confederates approximately 2,000 casualties, while the Union suffered 203 killed, 980 wounded, and 201 missing. The victory effectively secured Missouri for the Union cause and ended the Confederate threat to the state. Pressing on, Curtis succeeded in taking Helena, AR in July. The Battle of Pea Ridge was one of the few battles where Confederate troops possessed a significant numerical advantage over the Union. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Pea RidgePea Ridge National Military ParkBattle of Pea Ridge Maps

Benefits of Integrated Transportation Research Paper

Benefits of Integrated Transportation - Research Paper Example Transportation is fundamental in the context of any economy or society in the nation, as mobility from one place to another is integral for maintaining quality of life which allows maintaining all round development of an economy. Besides, the concept of transportation is a global approach and thus the international cooperation is integral for maintaining integration in transportation within the world economy. In this regard, the program i.e. Transport Challenge relating to ‘smart, green as well as integrated transport’ is an approach of Europe to build the transportation system of Europe in terms of resource efficient, climate concern, environmental friendly, and safety for the overall beneficial of citizens, societies and economy at large. Furthermore, Transport Challenge induces investment of â‚ ¬6,339 million for the time of 2014-2020 by keeping focus on the program, over four different key objects (European Commission, â€Å"Smart, Green and Integrated Transportà ¢â‚¬ ). †¢Ã‚  To minimize the impact of transportation system over the environment as the European nations try to improve the efficiency over the use of natural resources and reduce the dependence level over fossil fuels†¢Ã‚  To reconcile the growing need of mobility, the transportation program of Europe emphasizes the transport flexibility in a way for providing innovative solutions in terms of seamless, inclusive, safe and secure, affordable and robust transport†¢Ã‚  To promote innovation and meet various challenges that arise within the transportation system.